Revitalized / Structured Water

EFFECT of LIVE Water / Structured Water to CONSTRUCTION

The pre-construction monitoring samples should be analysed for the following parameters:

pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature (where possible these parameters should be tested using a portable probe to reduce costs);
Total suspended solids (TSS);
Oils and grease (visual assessment). If oils and grease are visually evident, a sample will be forwarded to the laboratory for analysis;
Structure water (IN VERY SHORT TIME WE ARE COMING WITH RESULTS)

In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste, composed of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.

Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways, houses and dams.

Although most drinking water is suitable for use in concrete, aggregates are chosen carefully. Aggregates comprise 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete. The type and size of the aggregate mixture depends on the thickness and purpose of the final concrete product. Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste or odor may be used as mixing water for concrete. However, some waters that are not fit for drinking may be suitable for concrete.

Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may affect setting time and concrete strength, but also may cause efflorescence, staining, corrosion of reinforcement, volume instability, and reduced durability. Specifications usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, and solids in mixing water unless tests can be performed to determine the effect the impurity has on various properties. Relatively thin building sections call for small coarse aggregate, though aggregates up to six inches (150 mm) in diameter have been used in large dams. A continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for efficient use of the paste. In addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that might affect the quality of the concrete.

Hydration Begins

Soon after the aggregates, water, and the cement are combined, the mixture starts to harden. All portland cements are hydraulic cements that set and harden through a chemical reaction with water. During this reaction, called hydration, a node forms on the surface of each cement particle. The node grows and expands until it links up with nodes from other cement particles or adheres to adjacent aggregates.

Cement or Concrete?

Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly use the terms cement and concrete interchangeably. Cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. It is the fine powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and gravel or crushed stone (fine and coarse aggregate), forms the rock-like mass known as concrete.

Cement acts as the binding agent or glue. A chemical reaction is triggered called hydration when water and cement are mixed in the right proportions. This reaction causes the cement to harden and bind the aggregate into a solid mass.

The process of hydration is the key to concrete's remarkable strength and versatility. When freshly mixed, concrete can be molded into almost any form. Yet when hardened, its strength and durability often exceed that of natural stone.

Hydration

ydraulic cements set and harden, not by drying, but through a chemical reaction between the cement grains and water. During this process (called hydration), the calcium silicates from the portland cement form calcium hydroxide and a gel-like calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The rate of this reaction is dependent on many factors including the type and proportion of portland cement components (C 3 S, C 2 S, C 3 A, and C 4 AF), the fineness and particle size distribution of the cement grains, and the placing and curing conditions of the concrete. Understanding the hydration process and the creation of C-S-H are critical for understanding the engineering properties of concrete: setting, strength gain, and durability.

Concrete Properties	Cement Characteristic*
Concrete Properties	Increasing C 3 S (decreasing C 2 S)	Increasing C 3 A (decreasing C 4 AF)	Increasing alkalies	Increasing sulfate	Increasing minor components	Increasing fineness	Increasing steepness of particle size distribution
Admixture incompatibility	Possible	Possible	Possible	Possible	Possible	—	—
Air content	—	—	Increases	—	—	Decreases	—
Bleeding	—	Decreases	Decreases	—	—	Decreases	—
Chloride binding	—	Increases	—	—	—	—	—
Chloride permeability	—	Decreases	—	—	—	—	—
Heat of hydration	Increases	Increases	Increases	—	—	Increases	—
Reactivity with SCM	Increases	—	Increases	—	—	—	—
Risk for ASR	—	—	Increases	—	—	—	—
Setting time	Decreases	Decreases Flash set possible	Changes	—	Increases for some like F-and P 2 O 5	Decreases	Decreases
Shrinkage	—	—	Decreases	Decreases	—	Increases	—
Slump loss	—	—	Increases	Decreases	—	Increases	—
Strength	Increases	Increases	Early strengths up, late strengths down	—	—	Increases	Increases
Sulfate resistivity	—	Decreases	—	—	—	—	—
Water requirement	—	Increases	Increases	Increases	—	Increases	Increases
Workability	—	Decreases	Decreases	—	—	Decreases	—
* Assuming only a change in one given component. This is unlikely to happen in reality because of the complexity of the portland cement system. For example, a change in clinker sulfate is almost always accompanied by a change in alkali content. A change in gypsum content is likely to be associated with a change in fineness as the plant operator seeks to control setting times and early strengths.

Water use during construction
2.5.1 Parameters for water quality:
Water used shall be clean and reasonably free from injurious quantities of deleterious materials such as oils, acids, alkalis,
salts and microbial growth. Generally, potable water shall be used. Where water can be shown to contain any sugar or an
excess of acid, alkali or salt, that water should not be used. As a guide, the following concentrations may be taken to represent
the maximum permissible limits of deleterious materials in water.
1. Limits of acidity: To neutralize 200 ml sample of water, it should not require more than 2 ml of 0.1 N caustic soda solution.
2. Limits of Alkalinities: To neutralize 200 ml sample of water it should not require more than 0.1 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.
3. Percentage of solids should not exceed:

Organic . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ppm (0.02%)
Inorganic . . . . . . . . . . . 3000 ppm (0.30%)
Sulphates . . . . . . . . . . . 500 ppm (0.05%)
Alkali chlorides. . . . . . . . 1000 ppm (0.1%)

During the construction process, it is necessary to use pure drinking water to prepare lightweight concrete. (Refer table 2.2,
standards for drinking water). In the absence of pure water, the sea water may be used with hydraulic lime and cement. It helps
in preventing too quick drying of the mortar. However, it is not advisable to use sea water in making pure lime mortar or surkhi
mortar because it will lead to efflorescence.

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